Хятадын худалдаа, наймаа эрхлэгчид одоогоос 5000 жилийн өмнө эрсдэлээ хуваалцаж эхэлжээ. Тэгвэл үүнээс мянган жилийн дараа Вавилоны эзэнт гүрний тэмээн жингийн наймаачид учирч болзошгүй хулгай, дээрэм, байгалийн гамшгийн эрсдэлийг хамт үүрнэ гэдгээ замд гарахаасаа өмнө тохиролцож, тодорхой хэмжээний мөнгийг баталгаа болгон үлдээдэг байж. Энэ нь МЭӨ 1792-1750 онд амьдарч байсан Хаммурапи хааны хуульд бичигдэн үлдсэн байдаг. Хүн төрөлхтөнд эрсдэлээ хуваалцах, даатгуулах хэрэгцээ эртнээс бий болсныг эндээс харж болно.
Харин орчин үеийн даатгалын салбарын үндэс суурийг XVII-XVIII зууны Европын далайн наймаа, худалдааны хөгжил тавьсан. Тухайн үед усан онгоцны эзэд дундын сан байгуулж, далайн шуурганаар хохирол амссан нэгэндээ тусалдаг байж. Ийнхүү худалдаа, эдийн засаг хөгжихийн хэрээр даатгалын шинэ төрлүүд бий болж, даатгалын компаниуд хүчирхэгжихийн зэрэгцээ хүчин чадлаасаа хэтэрсэн хариуцлага үүрч эхэлжээ. Бусдын эрсдэлийг хариуцдаг даатгалын компаниудад өөрсдөд нь эрсдэлээ хуваалцах хэрэгцээ, шаардлага бий болов. Эндээс л давхар даатгал гэх ойлголт төрсөн байна. Ерөнхийдөө даатгалын компани өөрийн эрсдэлийн зарим хэсгийг дахин өөр компанид даатгуулах үйл ажиллагааг давхар даатгал гэж нэрлэдэг. Ийм үйлчилгээг томоохон даатгалын компаниуд эсвэл давхар даатгалаар дагнан ажилладаг компаниуд үзүүлж буй.
Монгол Улсад өнөөдөр даатгалын 17 компани бий. Тэд бүгд гадаадын компанид давхар даатгуулсан. Давхар даатгалын үйл ажиллагаа эрхэлж буй дотоодын ганц компани болох “Хөдөө аж ахуйн давхар даатгал” хүртэл гадаадын давхар даатгагчтай эрсдэлээ хуваалцдаг. Нэг талаас дотоодын даатгалын компаниуд гаднын компаниудад давхар даатгуулж байгаа нь сайн хэрэг. Ингэснээр эрсдэлээ гадагш шилжүүлээд зогсохгүй олон улсын мэдлэг, туршлагаас судлах, суралцах боломж бий болдог. Нөгөө талаас энэ нь их хэмжээний мөнгийг гадагш урсгаж буй хэрэг юм.
Давхар даатгалын хураамж, нөхөн төлбөр Infogram
Санхүүгийн зохицуулах хорооны мэдээллээс үзэхэд зөвхөн энэ оны хоёрдугаар улирлын байдлаар даатгалын компаниуд гадаадын давхар даатгагчид 35 тэрбум төгрөгийн хураамж төлсөн боловч нөхөн төлбөрт ердөө 1.5 тэрбум төгрөг эргээд авсан байна. Хагас жилийн дотор дор хаяж 13 цэцэрлэг барих хэмжээний мөнгө гараад явчихаж байна гэсэн үг. Тэгвэл мөн хугацаанд даатгалын компаниудын цэвэр ашиг өмнөх жилүүдтэй харьцуулахад өсөөд, өсөөд 6.9 тэрбум төгрөг л болжээ. Монголын даатгалын компаниуд олж байгаа ашгаасаа бараг тав дахин их мөнгийг гаднын компаниудад өгдөг гэж ойлгож болно.
Тайлант үеийн цэвэр ашиг Infogram
Сүүлийн таван жил (энэ жилийг оролцуулахгүйгээр) гадаадын давхар даатгалын компаниудад 146 тэрбум төгрөг төлсөн боловч эргээд 14 хүрэхгүй тэрбум төгрөгийн нөхөн төлбөр авсан байна. Дотоодын даатгалын компаниуд хураамжийн нийт орлогынхоо 30 гаруй хувийг гадаадын давхар даатгагчдад шилжүүлдэг хэрнээ эргээд өгч байгаа нөхөн төлбөрийнхөө 10 хүрэхгүй хувийг л тэднээс авч байгаа юм. Яагаад ийм “алдагдалтай наймаа” хийх болов оо?
Монголын даатгалын салбарын хувьд VIP үйлчлүүлэгчид нь уул уурхайн томоохон компаниуд юм. Тэдний үнэлгээ маш өндөр байхын хэрээр эрсдэл нь ч өндөр байдаг учраас дотоодын даатгалын компаниуд санхүүгийн нөөц бололцоо сайтай гаднын компаниудад давхар даатгуулахаас өөр сонголт үгүй гэсэн үг. Ер нь гадны томоохон компаниудаар дамжиж орж ирсэн даатгалыг л VIP үйлчлүүлэгчид худалдаж авч байна гэж ойлгож болно. Тиймээс л дотоодын даатгалын компаниудын хураамжийн орлого их харагдаж байгаа ч цэвэр ашиг нь бага байгаа юм.
Монголд ганц “Хөдөө аж ахуйн давхар даатгал” төрийн өмчит компани л хэдхэн жилийн өмнөөс давхар даатгалын үйл ажиллагаа явуулж эхэлсэн. Энэ нь хөдөө аж ахуйг л эрсдэлээс хамгаалах зорилготой. Даатгалын компаниуд давхар даатгалын үйлчилгээг дотоодоосоо авъя, гадагшаа мөнгө гаргахаа болъё гэсэн ч сонголт алга. Тэгвэл үндэсний давхар даатгалын компанитай болох боломж байхгүй гэж үү?
Манай даатгалын салбар жижиг, эрсдэл даах чадвар багатай, туршлагагүй байсан учраас өдийг хүртэл үндэсний давхар даатгалын компани байгуулж амжаагүй. Гэвч нөхцөл байдал өөрчлөгдсөн. 1990-ээд онд 100 сая төгрөгөөр тогтоож байсан ердийн даатгалын компанийн дүрмийн сангийн хэмжээ одоо таван тэрбум төгрөгт хүрсэн. Энэ нь салбар өсөж, том болж байгааг харуулах бөгөөд даатгалын компаниудын хөрөнгө, хураамжийн орлого, ашигт ажиллагаа зэрэг үзүүлэлт ч сайжирсаар байна.
Тиймээс ч Санхүүгийн зохицуулах хорооны зүгээс Үндэсний давхар даатгалын компани байгуулах хэрэгцээ, шаардлага бий болсныг хэдэн жилийн өмнөөс ярьж, судалж эхэлсэн болов уу. Шаардлагатай хууль эрх зүйн орчин бүрдүүлэх тал дээр ч анхаарч байгаа нь сайшаалтай. Гэвч ийм компани төрийнх байх уу, хувийнх байх уу гэдэг асуулт нээлттэй хэвээр байна. Давхар даатгалын компанийг эхлээд төр нь байгуулж, улмаар хувьчилдаг туршлага бий. Эхнээсээ хувийн компаниуд амжилттай ажиллаад явсан жишээнүүд ч цөөнгүй.
Монгол Улсын хувьд үндэсний давхар даатгалын компанийг төрийн өмчит хэлбэрээр байгуулах хэрэгтэй гэж зарим нь үздэг. Гэвч төр сайн менежер байх болов уу, шаардлагатай ур чадвартай хүмүүсийг олж, тогтвортой ажиллуулж чадах болов уу гэдэгт эргэлзэх хүн олон. Давхар даатгалын хувьд хувийн хэвшлийнхэн нь үнэхээр хүч хүрэхгүй байгаа нөхцөлд төр нь байгуулаад, дараа нь хувьчлах туршлага байдаг талаар дээр дурьдсан. Санхүүгийн зах зээлийн тоглогчид, тэр дундаа давхар даатгалын компани төрөөс аль болох бага хамааралтай, бие даасан, сайн засаглалтай байх тусмаа нэр хүндтэй болж, үйлчлүүлэгчдийнхээ итгэлийг хүлээдэг.
Манай даатгалын салбарын хувьд жилээс жилд өсөж, томорч байгаа ч компаниудын капиталжилт харьцангуй бага. Тиймээс үндэсний давхар даатгалын компани байгуулахын тулд дотоодын даатгалын компаниуд нэгдэх, хувьцаа гаргах, гадаадын хөрөнгө оруулалт татах зэргээр “томрох” шаардлагатай болов уу. Гэвч нэг үеэ бодвол дотоодын даатгалын компаниуд туршлагатай, тогтмол орлоготой, хөрөнгө мөнгөтэй болсон учраас төр жаахан дэмжээд өгөхөд л үндэсний давхар даатгалын компанийг босгоод ирэх боломж бий. Даатгалын компаниуд гадаадын давхар даатгалын компаниудтай хамтарч ажиллаад нэлээд хэдэн жил болсон учраас шаардлагатай туршлага, чадавхыг бүрдүүлсэн. Ийнхүү үндэсний давхар даатгалын компанитай болсноор гадагшаа урсах мөнгөний зарим хэсэг Монголдоо үлдэж, санхүү, эдийн засгийн хөгжилд хувь нэмэр оруулна. Ийм компанийг хувийн хэвшлийнхэн байгуулж, төр нь дэмжиж, амжилттай ажиллуулснаар нэр хүндтэй болж, олон улсын зах зээлд гарах боломжтой. Монгол Улс давхар даатгал импортлогч биш экспортлогч улс болж, даатгалын салбар валютын зарлага биш орлого төвлөрүүлнэ гэсэн үг.
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